摘要 :
South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa that has codified a national space policy. South Africa's first public national space policy was adopted in 2009. The policy has given direction and purpose to the country's recen...
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South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa that has codified a national space policy. South Africa's first public national space policy was adopted in 2009. The policy has given direction and purpose to the country's recent space activities. Prior to this, space activities in South Africa were disparate and uncoordinated. Because space policy is not a primary policy issue, but rather an ancillary policy issue, the development of space policy had to be couched in terms that made it clear to policymakers exactly how space activities would contribute to national development and other policy priorities. This required building capacity in government to engage in policy discussions around these issues. We describe the process that was followed to raise the political profile of space affairs to the point that it became a policy issue for the South African government. The policy development narrative is arranged in a series of ten goals that were addressed during the policy development process. These goals speak to how one can address the political and systemic challenges of space policy formulation in the context of an emerging space nation that is also a developing country. The goals may thus be of interest to other emerging space nations at a similar stage in their development. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Space systems play an important role in sustaining the development, prosperity and security of many nations. As more nations become critically reliant on space systems, questions of maintaining safety and strategic stability in ou...
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Space systems play an important role in sustaining the development, prosperity and security of many nations. As more nations become critically reliant on space systems, questions of maintaining safety and strategic stability in outer space have come to the fore. Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures (TCBMs) for outer space activities have an important role to play in providing clarity about the intentions of States and in articulating norms of behaviour in outer space. TCBMs take several forms. They may be the elaboration of basic principles related to the exploration and use of outer space, political measures related to establishing norms of conduct, information-sharing activities to improve the transparency of outer space activities, operational practices which demonstrate a commitment to mutual cooperation in outer space, or consultative mechanisms. We present an analytical framework for evaluating potential TCBMs and illustrate the application of this framework to examples of potential operational, regulatory, treaty-based and declaratory TCBMs. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The Outer Space Treaty (OST), which entered into force on 10th October 1967, has served as a foundation of international space law since the second decade of the Space Age. To mark the 50th anniversary of the Treaty's entry into f...
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The Outer Space Treaty (OST), which entered into force on 10th October 1967, has served as a foundation of international space law since the second decade of the Space Age. To mark the 50th anniversary of the Treaty's entry into force, a special panel event was organized during the 68th International Astronautical Congress held in Adelaide, Australia, from 25th-29th September 2017. The authors of this viewpoint were invited to share their perspectives on the governance framework for outer space activities underpinned by the OST and to reflect on the prospects for the future of global space governance, and the opportunities presented by UNISPACE+50, which will mark the 50th anniversary of the first UNISPACE conference in June 2018. This viewpoint begins with a retrospective reflection of 3 panellists on the contributions of the OST to global space governance in the past 50 years and the challenges facing the OST at present. The fourth reflection focuses on the potentials of UNISPACE+50 in 2018 to strengthen global cooperative space governance for the next 50 years of the space age. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The Earth's orbital space environment constitutes a finite resource that is being used by an increasing number of States, international intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental entities. The proliferation of space debr...
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The Earth's orbital space environment constitutes a finite resource that is being used by an increasing number of States, international intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental entities. The proliferation of space debris, the increasing complexity of space operations, the emergence of large constellations and the increased risks of collision and interference with the operation of space objects are raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. Addressing these developments and risks requires international cooperation. In 2010, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS) established a working group to address these matters and to propose a set of voluntary, non-binding guidelines for States that represent a compendium of internationally recognized measures for, and commitments to, ensuring the long-term sustainability of outer space activities and, in particular, enhancing the safety of space operations. This paper describes the efforts of this Working Group in the context of other multilateral space security initiatives. The first twelve guidelines, which were agreed in 2016, are briefly discussed, as well as the linkages of this process with the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities. The paper ends with some reflections on factors shaping the negotiations of the remaining draft guidelines as the Working Group enters its final round of negotiations in 2018.
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